Alzheimer’s disease is a brain condition that affects memory, thinking, and behavior, making it harder to remember things, think clearly, or complete everyday tasks.

• Genetics: A family history of Alzheimer’s increases the risk, particularly when certain genetic mutations are involved.
• Age: The likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s increases significantly after age 65.
• Brain Changes: Abnormal buildup of proteins, such as amyloid plaques and tau tangles, in the brain is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease.
• Cardiovascular Health: Conditions like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes can increase the risk by affecting blood flow to the brain.
• Lifestyle Factors: Smoking, lack of exercise, poor diet, and limited social interaction may raise the risk of Alzheimer’s over time.

• Older Adults: The risk of Alzheimer’s increases with age, especially after 65.
• Family History: A family history of Alzheimer’s or other dementias increases the likelihood of developing the disease.
• People with Cardiovascular Conditions: Heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure can elevate the risk of Alzheimer’s by affecting brain health.
• Women: Women are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s than men, possibly due to hormonal factors and longer life expectancy.
• Those with a History of Head Trauma: A history of head injuries may increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s later in life.

• Memory Loss: One of the earliest and most recognizable symptoms, memory loss may affect the ability to recall recent events, conversations, or information.
• Difficulty with Familiar Tasks: As the disease progresses, individuals may struggle with routine activities such as cooking, driving, or managing finances.
• Confusion about Time and Place: People with Alzheimer’s may lose track of dates, seasons, or where they are, leading to disorientation.
• Problems with Language: Difficulty finding the right words, following conversations, or repeating themselves can occur as the disease impacts communication skills.
• Poor Judgment: A decline in decision-making abilities, such as handling money irresponsibly or neglecting personal care, is common.
• Mood and Behavior Changes: Individuals may experience mood swings, depression, irritability, or withdrawal from social activities.

• Severe Memory Loss: When memory loss interferes with daily life and leads to confusion or danger (e.g., wandering or getting lost), immediate care is necessary.
• Difficulty Swallowing: In later stages, swallowing difficulties can lead to malnutrition, dehydration, or choking.
• Agitation or Aggression: Sudden or severe mood changes, aggression, or emotional distress should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.
• Falls or Mobility Issues: As coordination declines, frequent falls or difficulty walking may indicate worsening brain function and need medical assessment.

• Medical History and Symptom Assessment: Doctors will ask about memory problems, changes in thinking, and daily functioning. A family history of dementia may also be discussed.
• Cognitive and Memory Tests: Tests such as the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) or Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) are used to evaluate memory, problem-solving skills, and attention.
• Brain Imaging: CT scans or MRIs may be used to detect brain shrinkage or rule out other conditions like strokes or tumors.
• Blood and Laboratory Tests: These tests help rule out other causes of memory loss, such as vitamin deficiencies or thyroid problems.
• Neurological Evaluation: This assesses balance, movement, and coordination to rule out other neurological issues.

• Medications: For managing Alzheimer’s disease, cholinesterase inhibitors (such as donepezil and rivastigmine) are used to increase levels of acetylcholine, a chemical that supports memory and cognitive function. Memantine is often prescribed alongside cholinesterase inhibitors to help regulate brain chemicals involved in memory and learning, especially in moderate-to-severe cases.
• Therapies and Supportive Care: A combination of therapies can help manage Alzheimer’s symptoms and improve quality of life. Cognitive Stimulation Therapy involves activities that encourage problem-solving, social interaction, and memory recall to help maintain cognitive function. Occupational Therapy focuses on teaching strategies for daily tasks like dressing, eating, and managing the household to maintain independence. Emotional and Social Support from support groups and counseling provides essential psychological and emotional help for both individuals with Alzheimer’s and their caregivers.

• Consult a Healthcare Provider: If memory problems or cognitive issues arise, consult a doctor to begin evaluation and testing.
• Document Symptoms: Keeping a record of symptoms, such as memory lapses or mood changes, can help guide diagnosis and treatment planning.
• Seek Early Treatment: Starting medications or therapies early in the disease process can help slow cognitive decline and improve quality of life.
• Establish a Support System: Early diagnosis allows time to build a support network, including family, friends, and healthcare professionals, to help manage the disease.

• Maintain Cardiovascular Health: Conditions like high blood pressure, heart disease, and diabetes can affect brain health. Managing these conditions through diet, exercise, and medication can lower the risk of Alzheimer’s.
• Stay Mentally Active: Engaging in mentally stimulating activities, such as reading, solving puzzles, learning new skills, or playing musical instruments, can help keep your brain sharp and reduce the risk of cognitive decline.
• Exercise Regularly: Physical activity improves blood flow to the brain and has been linked to better cognitive function. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise each week.
• Eat a Healthy Diet: A balanced diet, particularly one like the Mediterranean diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats, may support brain health and lower Alzheimer’s risk.
• Stay Socially Active: Maintaining strong social connections and engaging in regular social activities can help reduce stress and improve mental resilience, both of which may help protect against Alzheimer’s.

• Manage Chronic Conditions: Controlling diabetes, high cholesterol, and other chronic conditions can lower the risk of Alzheimer’s by improving overall brain health.
• Protect Against Head Injuries: Wearing helmets while biking or participating in sports, and using seat belts, can reduce the risk of traumatic brain injuries, which are linked to a higher risk of Alzheimer’s.
• Get Quality Sleep: Sleep plays an essential role in clearing toxins from the brain, including proteins associated with Alzheimer’s. Aim for 7–8 hours of sleep per night to support brain health.