Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener’s) is a rare disease where the body’s immune system attacks blood vessels, causing inflammation and damage to the lungs, kidneys, and other organs.

• Autoimmune response: The immune system mistakenly attacks healthy blood vessels.
• Genetic predisposition: Some individuals may have a genetic vulnerability that increases their risk.
• Environmental factors: Exposure to certain infections or chemicals may trigger the immune system to overreact.

• Middle-aged adults: Most commonly affects people between 40 and 60 years old.
• Both genders: Although it can affect anyone, it is slightly more common in men.
• People with a family history of autoimmune disorders: Having relatives with autoimmune diseases may increase the risk.
• Individuals with certain infections: Infections, especially those affecting the respiratory tract, may trigger the condition.

• Sinus and respiratory issues: Chronic sinus infections, nasal congestion, and frequent nosebleeds.
• Lung problems: Coughing, sometimes with blood (hemoptysis), chest pain, and shortness of breath.
• Kidney involvement: In later stages, kidney issues may arise, causing blood in the urine or reduced kidney function.
• Joint pain and swelling: Pain in the joints, similar to arthritis, is common.
• Fever and fatigue: Persistent fever, along with feelings of tiredness and weakness, can occur.

• Coughing up blood: This suggests lung involvement and may require urgent care.
• Severe chest pain or difficulty breathing: Respiratory symptoms that worsen rapidly need prompt medical attention.
• Blood in urine or reduced urination: These could signal kidney involvement, which requires swift diagnosis and treatment.
• Severe, unexplained joint pain or swelling: If joint pain is accompanied by fever or swelling, it may indicate active inflammation.

• Blood tests: Doctors will look for signs of inflammation, as well as specific antibodies (such as ANCA) that are often present in people with GPA.
• Urine tests: These tests help evaluate kidney function by checking for the presence of blood or protein in the urine.
• Imaging tests: Chest X-rays or CT scans are often used to detect any lung involvement, such as inflammation or masses.
• Tissue biopsy: In some cases, a small sample of tissue from an affected organ (such as the lungs or kidneys) may be examined under a microscope to confirm the diagnosis.

• Corticosteroids: These powerful anti-inflammatory drugs are often used to control the immune system and reduce inflammation quickly.
• Immunosuppressive medications: Drugs like methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, or rituximab help suppress the immune system and prevent further damage to organs.
• Plasma exchange (plasmapheresis): In severe cases, plasmapheresis may be used to remove harmful antibodies from the blood and prevent further damage.
• Antibiotics or antivirals: If an infection is suspected to be a trigger, appropriate medications may be prescribed to treat it.

• Coughing up blood: This is a serious symptom that indicates lung involvement.
• Severe chest pain or difficulty breathing: Respiratory symptoms that worsen quickly need immediate care.
• Blood in urine: This may indicate kidney damage, which requires urgent treatment.
• Persistent fever or fatigue: These general symptoms, if they worsen or persist, may suggest active inflammation that needs attention.

• Monitor respiratory infections: Seek prompt treatment for any respiratory infections, such as sinus infections or colds, as they may trigger inflammation in people prone to GPA.
• Regular check-ups: For individuals diagnosed with autoimmune conditions or those who have a family history of such diseases, regular medical check-ups can help detect any early signs of GPA.
• Avoid smoking: Smoking can worsen symptoms of GPA, particularly those related to the lungs, so quitting smoking is strongly advised.
• Manage stress: Since autoimmune diseases can flare up under stress, managing stress through relaxation techniques, exercise, and a healthy lifestyle can help reduce the risk of flares.

• Follow prescribed treatment plans: Adhering to prescribed medications and treatments, including corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs, is essential to keep the disease under control.
• Regular blood and urine tests: Monitoring kidney function and inflammation levels through routine tests can help catch problems early and adjust treatments as needed.
• Avoid exposure to infections: Since infections can trigger a flare, taking precautions such as frequent handwashing, avoiding crowded places during flu season, and staying up-to-date on vaccinations can help.