Acute epiglottitis: Basic Disease Information

What is Acute Epiglottitis?

Acute epiglottitis is a potentially life-threatening condition where the epiglottis — the flap at the base of the tongue that keeps food from going into the trachea — swells, blocking the flow of air into the lungs.

What causes Acute Epiglottitis?

It is most commonly caused by a bacterial infection, particularly Haemophilus influenzae type b, though it can also be caused by other bacteria and viruses.

What are the symptoms of Acute Epiglottitis?

Symptoms include severe sore throat, fever, drooling, difficulty swallowing, difficulty breathing, hoarseness, and a high-pitched sound when breathing (stridor).

How is Acute Epiglottitis diagnosed?

Diagnosis is based on a physical examination, medical history, and sometimes laryngoscopy. Imaging studies like a neck X-ray or CT scan may also be used.

What is the treatment for Acute Epiglottitis?

Treatment involves hospitalization, antibiotics, corticosteroids, and supportive care. In severe cases, securing the airway through intubation or a tracheostomy is necessary.

Can Acute Epiglottitis be prevented?

Vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is the most effective way to prevent epiglottitis caused by Hib bacteria.

What are the complications of Acute Epiglottitis?

Complications can include respiratory failure, pneumonia, and sepsis. Without prompt treatment, it can be life-threatening due to airway obstruction.

When the epiglottis becomes inflamed, it can block the airway and lead to severe respiratory distress, making it a medical emergency that requires immediate attention.

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Symptoms

Sudden onset of high fever
Severe sore throat
Difficulty swallowing
Muffled or hoarse voice
Stridor (high-pitched breathing sound)
Difficulty breathing
Restlessness and agitation
Drooling

Causes

The most common cause of acute epiglottitis is a bacterial infection, usually by the bacteria Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). However, with the introduction of the Hib vaccine, the incidence of acute epiglottitis has significantly decreased.

Treatment

Acute epiglottitis is a medical emergency that requires prompt medical care. Treatment typically involves:

Securing the patient’s airway, often through intubation or a tracheostomy
Administration of antibiotics to combat the bacterial infection
Monitoring in a hospital setting

Early recognition and intervention are crucial in preventing life-threatening complications associated with acute epiglottitis.