Asthma is a long-term lung disease that causes the airways to swell and narrow, making it hard to breathe. It can cause coughing, shortness of breath, and wheezing.

• Genetics: A family history of asthma or allergies increases the likelihood of developing the condition.
• Environmental Triggers: Exposure to allergens such as pollen, dust mites, pet dander, or mold can provoke asthma symptoms. Air pollution and cigarette smoke also play a role.
• Respiratory Infections: Common colds, flu, or respiratory infections can trigger asthma flare-ups.
• Physical Activity: In some people, exercise can lead to asthma symptoms, particularly in cold, dry weather.
• Stress: Emotional stress or strong emotions like anger and anxiety can trigger asthma attacks.

• Children: Asthma often begins in childhood, and children with a family history of asthma or allergies are at higher risk.
• People with Allergies: Individuals who suffer from hay fever, eczema, or other allergic conditions are more likely to develop asthma.
• Smokers and Those Exposed to Secondhand Smoke: Smoking or being around cigarette smoke increases the risk of developing asthma.
• People Living in Urban Areas: Exposure to higher levels of pollution and allergens in cities can increase asthma risk.
• Obese Individuals: Being overweight can worsen asthma symptoms and make the condition more difficult to manage.

• Wheezing: A whistling or squeaky sound when breathing, especially when exhaling, is a common sign of asthma.
• Shortness of Breath: Difficulty catching your breath or feeling out of breath even after mild physical activity is a frequent asthma symptom.
• Chest Tightness: Some people describe this as a feeling of pressure or squeezing in the chest.
• Coughing: Persistent coughing, especially at night or early in the morning, is often linked to asthma.
• Trouble Sleeping: Asthma symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath, can worsen at night, disrupting sleep.

• Severe Difficulty Breathing: If you are unable to speak more than a few words without needing to take a breath, seek help immediately.
• Rapid Breathing or Gasping for Air: This may signal a severe asthma attack.
• Blue Lips or Fingernails: This is a sign that oxygen levels are dangerously low.
• No Improvement After Using Inhalers: If your rescue inhaler does not relieve symptoms, medical care is needed urgently.

• Medical History: Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, frequency of attacks, family history of asthma or allergies, and exposure to triggers.
• Spirometry: This test measures how much air you can inhale and exhale, as well as how quickly you can breathe out. It helps determine the severity of airway obstruction.
• Peak Flow Test: A peak flow meter measures how fast you can breathe out, helping to monitor lung function at home or in the clinic.
• Allergy Testing: If allergies trigger your asthma, doctors may perform skin or blood tests to identify specific allergens.
• Methacholine Challenge Test: Methacholine is a substance that causes the airways to narrow slightly. If you react to methacholine, it could suggest asthma.

• Inhalers: Inhalers play a key role in asthma management. Long-term control medications, like inhaled corticosteroids, are used daily to reduce inflammation in the airways and help prevent future flare-ups. Rescue inhalers, such as short-acting bronchodilators like albuterol, provide quick relief during an asthma attack by relaxing the muscles around the airways and improving airflow.
• Oral Medications: Oral medications can support asthma management. Leukotriene modifiers help prevent airway inflammation and are often used alongside inhalers for long-term control. Oral corticosteroids are typically prescribed for short periods to manage severe asthma symptoms or flare-ups.
• Biologics: For more severe cases of asthma that do not respond well to standard treatments, biologic therapies can target specific immune responses to reduce symptoms.

• Use Your Rescue Inhaler: If you feel short of breath or experience wheezing, use your quick-relief inhaler as directed by your doctor.
• Seek Medical Help: If your symptoms do not improve after using your inhaler, or if you experience severe shortness of breath, rapid breathing, or blue lips, seek emergency medical care.
• Stay Calm: Try to remain calm during an asthma attack. Panic can make symptoms worse, so focus on taking slow, deep breaths while waiting for help.
• Avoid Triggers: Remove yourself from any known triggers, such as smoke, dust, or strong odors, to prevent further irritation of your airways.

• Identify and Avoid Triggers: Common asthma triggers include allergens like pollen, dust mites, mold, and pet dander. Other triggers may include smoke, pollution, or cold air. Identifying what triggers your asthma and taking steps to avoid exposure is crucial.
• Manage Allergies: If allergies contribute to your asthma, managing them with antihistamines or allergy shots (immunotherapy) can reduce asthma symptoms.
• Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle: Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and maintaining a healthy weight can help improve overall lung function and reduce asthma symptoms. However, those with exercise-induced asthma should take precautions like using a rescue inhaler before physical activity.
• Quit Smoking and Avoid Secondhand Smoke: Smoking worsens asthma symptoms and increases the risk of flare-ups. Quitting smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke can improve asthma control.
• Use Medications as Prescribed: Following your asthma treatment plan, including taking daily medications even when you feel fine, is key to preventing attacks. Regular use of long-term control medications reduces inflammation and helps prevent symptoms from worsening.

• Annual Flu Vaccination: Getting a flu shot every year can prevent respiratory infections that may trigger asthma attacks.
• Monitor Your Condition: Keeping track of your symptoms and lung function using a peak flow meter can help you notice early signs of worsening asthma. This allows you to adjust treatment or seek medical help before symptoms become severe.
• Create an Asthma Action Plan: Work with your healthcare provider to develop an asthma action plan. This plan outlines what steps to take when symptoms worsen and helps prevent emergency situations.