Cancer is a disease where cells in the body grow uncontrollably, forming tumors or spreading to other areas, disrupting normal body functions.

• Genetic Predisposition: Some people inherit mutations in certain genes that increase their risk of developing cancer, such as BRCA1 or BRCA2 for breast and ovarian cancers.
• Lifestyle Factors: Smoking, poor diet, lack of physical activity, and excessive alcohol use can increase the risk of cancer.
• Environmental Exposures: Prolonged exposure to harmful substances like asbestos, radiation, or air pollutants can increase cancer risk.
• Infections: Certain viruses and bacteria, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B or C, can lead to cancer development.
• Aging: As people age, the chances of developing cancer increase due to the accumulation of genetic mutations over time.

• Age: The risk of cancer increases with age, especially after 50.
• Family History: Individuals with a close family history of certain types of cancer may be at a higher genetic risk.
• Tobacco Use: Smoking or using tobacco products is a major risk factor for lung cancer and many other types.
• Exposure to Carcinogens: Prolonged exposure to cancer-causing agents like UV radiation, industrial chemicals, or air pollution can raise the risk.
• Chronic Infections: Chronic infections, such as those caused by HPV or hepatitis, can increase the likelihood of certain cancers like cervical or liver cancer.

• Unexplained Weight Loss: Losing weight without trying can be an early sign of cancer, especially cancers of the stomach, pancreas, or lung.
• Fatigue: Persistent tiredness that doesn’t improve with rest can be a symptom of many types of cancer.
• Pain: Unexplained or persistent pain, particularly in the bones or other parts of the body, can be a sign of advanced cancer.
• Lumps or Masses: Feeling a lump under the skin, especially in the breast, testicles, or lymph nodes, could be an early sign of cancer.
• Changes in Skin: Changes such as dark spots, yellowing of the skin, or sores that do not heal can indicate skin cancer or cancers affecting internal organs.
• Changes in Bowel or Bladder Habits: Persistent diarrhea, constipation, blood in the stool, or difficulty urinating can be signs of colorectal or bladder cancer.

• Severe Pain: Intense or persistent pain that doesn't resolve could signal that cancer has spread or is affecting nerves and other tissues.
• Unexplained Bleeding: Blood in the stool, urine, or coughing up blood can be signs of internal cancer and should be evaluated urgently.
• Difficulty Breathing or Swallowing: These symptoms may suggest cancer of the lungs or throat and need immediate assessment.
• Fever and Night Sweats: Recurring fever or night sweats may be a sign that cancer has affected the body’s immune system.

• Physical Exam: Doctors may feel for lumps or abnormalities during a physical exam, which can be an early indicator of cancer.
• Imaging Tests: Tests such as X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasounds can help visualize tumors or abnormal growths inside the body.
• Biopsy: A biopsy involves taking a small sample of tissue from a suspicious area to be examined under a microscope. It is one of the most definitive ways to diagnose cancer.
• Blood Tests: Some cancers produce markers that can be detected in the blood, helping doctors assess whether cancer is present and track its progression.
• Genetic Testing: For certain cancers, genetic testing can identify mutations in specific genes that may increase the risk or guide treatment decisions.

• Surgery: Surgery is often used to remove a tumor and any surrounding tissue that may be affected by cancer. It is most effective when cancer is localized.
• Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells. It is often used alongside surgery or chemotherapy to shrink tumors and eliminate remaining cancer cells.
• Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy involves using powerful drugs to kill fast-growing cancer cells. It may be used to treat cancer throughout the body, especially when cancer has spread to multiple areas.
• Immunotherapy: This treatment boosts the body’s immune system to fight cancer cells more effectively. Immunotherapy is particularly helpful for cancers that don’t respond well to other treatments.
• Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapies use drugs or other substances to attack specific molecules involved in cancer cell growth. This treatment can be more precise than chemotherapy and often has fewer side effects.

• See a Doctor Immediately: If you notice unusual symptoms like lumps, unexplained weight loss, or persistent pain, consult a healthcare provider as soon as possible for evaluation.
• Follow Diagnostic Recommendations: If your doctor recommends tests such as imaging or a biopsy, follow through with these tests to ensure an accurate diagnosis.
• Don’t Delay Treatment: If cancer is diagnosed, starting treatment promptly can improve the chances of success. Discuss your options with your healthcare team and make an informed decision about the next steps.
• Seek a Second Opinion (if needed): If you are unsure about a diagnosis or treatment plan, seeking a second opinion from another specialist can provide clarity and help you explore all options.

• Avoid Tobacco: Smoking and tobacco use are major causes of lung, mouth, throat, and other cancers. Quitting smoking can significantly lower your cancer risk.
• Eat a Healthy Diet: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can help lower the risk of certain cancers. Limiting processed meats and reducing sugar and fat intake are also recommended.
• Exercise Regularly: Physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight and reduces the risk of cancers such as breast, colon, and kidney cancer. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise each week.
• Limit Alcohol: Drinking alcohol increases the risk of several types of cancer, including breast, liver, and esophageal cancer. Limiting alcohol intake can reduce this risk.
• Protect Yourself from the Sun: Use sunscreen, wear protective clothing, and avoid tanning beds to reduce the risk of skin cancer, especially melanoma.
• Vaccinate Against Infections: Vaccinations can prevent certain cancers caused by infections. For example, the HPV vaccine helps prevent cervical and other cancers, while the hepatitis B vaccine reduces the risk of liver cancer.

• Regular Screenings: Regular cancer screenings, such as mammograms, colonoscopies, and Pap smears, can detect cancer early when it is most treatable. Discuss with your doctor which screenings are right for you based on your age, family history, and lifestyle.
• Genetic Testing: For people with a family history of cancer, genetic testing may reveal inherited mutations that increase cancer risk. This information can guide preventive strategies or early detection efforts.
• Chemoprevention: In some cases, medications can be used to reduce cancer risk, especially for people with a high genetic risk. This is known as chemoprevention and may be recommended by healthcare providers.