Cervical dysplasia is the growth of abnormal cells on the cervix that, if untreated, may develop into cervical cancer.

• Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: This virus is the leading cause of cervical dysplasia, particularly certain high-risk strains of HPV.
• Weakened immune system: A weakened immune system, due to conditions like HIV or taking immunosuppressant medications, can make it harder for the body to fight off HPV infections, increasing the risk of cervical dysplasia.
• Smoking: Chemicals in tobacco can contribute to the development of abnormal cells on the cervix.
• Sexual activity: Having multiple sexual partners or beginning sexual activity at an early age increases the risk of HPV infection, which is linked to cervical dysplasia.

• Women with HPV infections: The majority of cervical dysplasia cases are caused by HPV, particularly high-risk strains.
• Sexually active women: Those who have had multiple sexual partners or started sexual activity early are at a higher risk.
• Women with a weakened immune system: Conditions like HIV, or medications that suppress the immune system, can increase the risk of developing cervical dysplasia.
• Smokers: Women who smoke are more likely to develop cervical dysplasia, as chemicals in cigarettes can affect the cells of the cervix.

• Unusual vaginal bleeding: This can happen between periods, after intercourse, or after menopause.
• Abnormal vaginal discharge: Changes in the color, consistency, or amount of discharge may occur.
• Pelvic pain or discomfort during sex: Pain or discomfort during intercourse can be a sign of cervical issues, including dysplasia.

• Persistent vaginal bleeding: If you experience ongoing or heavy bleeding between periods or after sex, seek medical evaluation.
• Pelvic pain or unexplained discomfort: Persistent pain in the pelvic region should be assessed by a healthcare provider.
• Unusual discharge: If the vaginal discharge is accompanied by a foul smell, itching, or discomfort, it may signal an infection or more serious condition requiring prompt attention.

• Pap smear: The most common screening tool for cervical dysplasia, this test involves collecting cells from the cervix and examining them under a microscope for abnormalities.
• HPV test: If abnormal cells are found, an HPV test may be done to check for high-risk strains of the virus that could cause cervical dysplasia or lead to cervical cancer.
• Colposcopy: If a Pap smear shows abnormal results, a colposcopy may be performed. This procedure uses a special microscope to closely examine the cervix for signs of abnormal cell growth.
• Biopsy: During a colposcopy, the doctor may take a small tissue sample (biopsy) to examine the cells more closely and determine the severity of the dysplasia.

• Watchful waiting: For mild dysplasia (low-grade), treatment may not be necessary immediately. Doctors often recommend monitoring the condition with regular Pap smears to see if it resolves on its own.
• Cryotherapy: This procedure uses extreme cold to freeze and destroy abnormal cells on the cervix.
• Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP): This involves using a thin, electrically charged wire loop to remove abnormal cells from the cervix.
• Laser therapy: A focused laser beam is used to remove or destroy the abnormal tissue.
• Cone biopsy: In more severe cases, a cone-shaped piece of tissue may be removed from the cervix to eliminate abnormal cells and prevent progression to cancer.

• Unusual vaginal bleeding: Bleeding between periods or after intercourse may signal an issue.
• Persistent pelvic pain or discomfort during sex: Ongoing pelvic discomfort or pain during intercourse should be evaluated.
• Abnormal discharge: Discharge that changes in smell, color, or consistency, or causes discomfort, may require medical attention.

• Get vaccinated against HPV: The HPV vaccine protects against the strains of HPV that are most likely to cause cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer. It is recommended for both boys and girls, typically starting around age 11 or 12.
• Practice safe sex: Using condoms can lower the risk of HPV transmission, though it doesn’t completely eliminate the risk. Limiting the number of sexual partners can also reduce exposure to HPV.
• Don’t smoke: Smoking weakens the immune system and makes it harder for the body to fight off infections like HPV, increasing the risk of cervical dysplasia.
• Regular Pap smears: Routine screening through Pap smears can detect cervical dysplasia early, allowing for timely treatment before it progresses to cancer.

• Boost your immune system: Eating a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables, getting regular exercise, and managing stress can strengthen your immune system, helping your body fight off infections, including HPV.
• Stay informed and follow up with your healthcare provider: If you’ve had abnormal Pap smears in the past, following up with your doctor for regular screenings and tests can catch any issues early.