GERD is a condition where stomach acid regularly moves back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and discomfort.

• Weak esophageal sphincter: The muscle at the bottom of the esophagus (the lower esophageal sphincter) may not close properly, allowing stomach acid to flow back up.
• Obesity: Excess body weight can put pressure on the stomach, making acid reflux more likely.
• Hiatal hernia: This occurs when part of the stomach moves up into the chest, which can weaken the lower esophageal sphincter.
• Diet: Consuming large meals or foods that trigger acid production, such as spicy or fatty foods, can increase the risk of acid reflux.
• Smoking: Smoking weakens the esophageal sphincter and can contribute to GERD.
• Pregnancy: Hormonal changes and pressure on the stomach can lead to GERD in some pregnant women.

• Individuals with obesity: Excess weight puts pressure on the abdomen, increasing the likelihood of acid reflux.
• Pregnant women: Hormonal changes and pressure from the growing uterus can lead to GERD.
• Smokers: Smoking can weaken the esophageal sphincter and increase stomach acid production.
• Those with a hiatal hernia: This condition can lead to frequent acid reflux.
• People with a poor diet: Consuming large meals, fatty foods, or caffeine regularly can increase the risk of GERD.

• Heartburn: A burning sensation in the chest, usually after eating, which may worsen when lying down or bending over.
• Regurgitation: Sour or bitter-tasting acid or food coming back into the throat or mouth.
• Difficulty swallowing: A feeling of food being stuck in the throat or chest, known as dysphagia.
• Chronic cough: A persistent cough, especially at night, that is not related to a cold or other respiratory issues.
• Hoarseness or sore throat: Stomach acid can irritate the throat, leading to a raspy voice or sore throat.
• Chest pain: Some individuals experience chest pain that mimics heart attack symptoms, which should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.

• Severe or persistent chest pain: This could be a sign of damage to the esophagus or a heart issue, which should be checked by a doctor.
• Difficulty swallowing or painful swallowing: These symptoms could indicate a narrowing of the esophagus, which requires treatment.
• Unexplained weight loss: If GERD leads to a loss of appetite or difficulty eating, it may result in weight loss and should be evaluated.
• Vomiting blood or black stools: These symptoms can indicate internal bleeding and require urgent medical attention.

• Medical history and physical exam: A healthcare provider will discuss symptoms and may perform a physical examination.
• Endoscopy: A small tube with a camera is inserted into the esophagus to look for inflammation or damage caused by stomach acid.
• pH monitoring: A device is used to measure the amount of acid in the esophagus over a 24-hour period to assess the severity of acid reflux.
• Esophageal manometry: This test measures the pressure in the esophagus to determine how well the muscles are functioning.
• Barium swallow: After swallowing a liquid that coats the digestive tract, X-rays are taken to help detect narrowing or other issues in the esophagus.

• Lifestyle changes: Managing GERD often starts with lifestyle changes. These include diet modifications, such as avoiding trigger foods like fatty or spicy dishes, chocolate, caffeine, and alcohol. Eating smaller meals more frequently, instead of large portions, can help control stomach acid production. Additionally, elevating the head of the bed by a few inches can reduce nighttime reflux, and avoiding lying down after meals by waiting two to three hours after eating can prevent acid from flowing back into the esophagus.
• Medications: Several types of medications are used to treat GERD. Antacids are over-the-counter remedies that neutralize stomach acid and provide quick relief for heartburn. H2 blockers help reduce the production of stomach acid and are available both over-the-counter and by prescription. For more severe cases, Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are prescribed, as they are stronger acid reducers that provide long-term relief.
• Surgery: In severe cases of GERD, fundoplication may be recommended. This surgical procedure tightens the lower esophageal sphincter to prevent acid reflux. It is typically considered when medications and lifestyle changes do not provide sufficient relief.

• Frequent heartburn: If you have heartburn more than twice a week, you may have GERD and should see a healthcare provider.
• Difficulty swallowing or chest pain: These symptoms could indicate complications of GERD and require prompt evaluation.
• Unexplained weight loss or persistent vomiting: These could be signs of more severe digestive issues and should be addressed immediately.

• Maintain a healthy weight: Excess weight can put pressure on the abdomen and increase the likelihood of acid reflux. Losing weight, if needed, can help prevent GERD symptoms.
• Avoid trigger foods: Identifying and avoiding foods that trigger your symptoms, such as spicy, fatty, or acidic foods, can significantly reduce reflux.
• Quit smoking: Smoking weakens the lower esophageal sphincter, which can make acid reflux more likely. Quitting smoking can help improve symptoms.
• Limit alcohol and caffeine intake: Both alcohol and caffeine can increase acid production, so limiting these beverages can help control GERD.
• Eat smaller meals: Smaller, more frequent meals reduce the pressure on the stomach, lowering the risk of acid reflux.

• Elevate the head of your bed: Raising the head of the bed by 6-8 inches helps reduce acid reflux during the night.
• Avoid lying down after meals: Waiting at least two to three hours after eating before lying down can prevent acid from backing up into the esophagus.
• Stay active: Light physical activity, such as walking after meals, can aid digestion and reduce the risk of acid reflux.
• Wear loose-fitting clothes: Tight clothing can put pressure on the abdomen, increasing the risk of reflux.