Infectious arthritis (bacterial)

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Infectious arthritis (bacterial)

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Dr. Mary Holland
Updated 2024-08-22
Published 2024-03-06

What is it

Infectious or Septic Arthritis – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment (Pathology)

What is infectious arthritis (bacterial)?

Infectious arthritis, also known as septic arthritis, is inflammation of a joint due to a bacterial infection. It’s a serious condition that can rapidly damage cartilage and bone within the joint. Commonly affected joints are the knee, hip, shoulder, and elbow.

How does bacterial infectious arthritis occur?

Bacterial infectious arthritis occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream and infect a joint. It can also occur when bacteria directly infect a joint during surgery, injury, or injection. Common bacteria that cause infectious arthritis include Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus species.

What are the symptoms of infectious arthritis?

Symptoms include severe pain in the affected joint, swelling, redness, and warmth. The joint may be difficult to move, and symptoms often develop rapidly. Fever and chills are also common. In infants and young children, irritability or lethargy may be present.

How is infectious arthritis diagnosed?

Diagnosis typically involves joint fluid analysis to identify the bacteria, blood tests, and imaging studies like X-rays, MRI, or CT scans. Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and to prevent joint damage.

What is the treatment for bacterial infectious arthritis?

Treatment involves antibiotics to eradicate the infection and drainage of infected joint fluid. Antibiotics are initially given intravenously and then may be continued orally. Surgical cleaning may be required in severe cases. Pain relief and joint immobilization are also important aspects of treatment.

What are the potential complications of infectious arthritis?

Possible complications include chronic joint pain and stiffness, joint deformity, and reduced joint function. In severe cases, it can lead to sepsis, a life-threatening response to infection. Early and effective treatment reduces the risk of these complications.

Can infectious arthritis be prevented?

Prevention includes prompt treatment of bacterial infections, careful wound care, and maintaining good overall hygiene. For people with joint replacements or at higher risk of infection, preventive antibiotics before dental or surgical procedures may be recommended.

The bacteria that commonly cause infectious arthritis include Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus species. These bacteria can enter the joint through a direct infection, such as an open wound or surgery, or by spreading from another infected area in the body through the bloodstream.

Once inside the joint, the bacteria cause inflammation and damage to the joint tissues, leading to pain, swelling, and restricted movement. Other symptoms may include fever, chills, and fatigue. Infectious arthritis can affect any joint in the body, but it most commonly affects the knees, hips, shoulders, and wrists.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial for infectious arthritis to prevent long-term complications. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to target the specific bacteria causing the infection. In some cases, drainage of the infected fluid may be necessary. Physical therapy may also be recommended to restore joint function and mobility.

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Prevention of infectious arthritis involves proper wound care, good hygiene practices, and early treatment of any infections elsewhere in the body. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms of infectious arthritis develop, as early intervention can greatly improve outcomes.

Infectious Arthritis (Bacterial)

Causes:

Bacterial infection in the joint
Direct entry of bacteria into the joint through open wounds, surgery, or injections
Bacterial spread from other sites of infection in the body
Infection caused by certain bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, or Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Weakened immune system
Inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or gout