Meningitis – causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology

Symptoms of meningitis may include severe headaches, high fever, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, nausea, vomiting, and altered mental state. If left untreated, meningitis can lead to complications such as seizure, hearing loss, brain damage, and even death.

Diagnostic tests, such as lumbar puncture and imaging scans, are generally performed to confirm the presence of meningitis. Treatment typically involves swift administration of appropriate antibiotics or antiviral medications depending on the cause. Vaccines are available for certain types of meningitis, which can help prevent the disease.

It is crucial to seek immediate medical attention if meningitis is suspected, as early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve the outcome and reduce the risk of complications.

• Meningitis: inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
• General Symptoms:
  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Stiff neck
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
  • Confusion or altered mental state
  • Seizures
  • Lethargy or drowsiness
  • Loss of appetite

Meningitis

Causes:

• Bacterial infection: Meningitis can be caused by bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae.
• Viral infection: Viruses, including enteroviruses (such as Coxsackievirus and Echovirus) and herpes viruses, can cause viral meningitis.
• Fungal infection: Certain fungi, such as Cryptococcus neoformans, can lead to fungal meningitis, although this is less common.
• Parasitic infection: Parasites like Naegleria fowleri, commonly found in warm freshwater sources, can cause a rare form of meningitis known as primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM).
• Non-infectious causes: Meningitis can also be caused by non-infectious factors like certain medications, chemical reactions, autoimmune diseases, or traumatic injury to the head or spine.

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Meningitis Diagnosis

What is Meningitis?

Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by a viral or bacterial infection, and in some cases, a fungal infection.

Common Symptoms

• Headache
• Fever
• Stiff neck
• Nausea and vomiting
• Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
• Confusion or altered mental status

Methods of Diagnosis:

1. Medical History and Physical Examination

During the medical history, the doctor will ask questions about the symptoms, their onset, and duration. They will also perform a physical examination to check for signs of meningitis such as fever, neck stiffness, and neurological abnormalities.

2. Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap)

A lumbar puncture is a procedure where a small sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is collected by inserting a needle into the lower back. The CSF sample is then analyzed to check for signs of infection and to identify the type of meningitis.

3. Blood Tests

Blood tests may be conducted to detect signs of infection, such as elevated white blood cell count and increased levels of C-reactive protein.

4. Imaging Tests

In some cases, imaging tests like CT scan or MRI may be ordered to rule out other possible causes of symptoms and to assess any complications associated with meningitis.

5. Other Diagnostic Methods

Depending on the suspected cause of meningitis, additional diagnostic methods may be performed, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests to identify specific bacteria or viruses, or fungal cultures.

It’s important to note that only a healthcare professional can diagnose meningitis accurately. If you suspect you have meningitis or have any concerning symptoms, make sure to consult with a doctor promptly.