Osteomyelitis is a bone infection caused by bacteria or fungi, leading to pain and inflammation in the affected area.

• Infection from the bloodstream: Bacteria from another part of the body, such as a skin or lung infection, can spread through the bloodstream and infect the bone.
• Injury or surgery: Open wounds, fractures, or recent surgeries can allow germs to enter directly into the bone.
• Chronic health conditions: Diabetes, weakened immune systems, or poor blood circulation can make individuals more vulnerable to bone infections.

• Individuals with recent bone injuries or surgeries: Broken bones, joint replacements, or surgical procedures can create an opening for bacteria to enter the bone.
• People with diabetes or poor circulation: Those with diabetes or poor blood flow are more prone to developing infections, including in their bones.
• Individuals with weakened immune systems: Conditions like HIV, cancer, or the use of immunosuppressant medications can lower the body’s ability to fight off infections, increasing the risk of osteomyelitis.

• Bone pain: A persistent, throbbing pain in the affected bone is one of the most common symptoms.
• Swelling and redness: The skin around the infected area may become red, swollen, and warm to the touch.
• Fever: Infections often cause fever, especially if the osteomyelitis is severe.
• Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired or weak is common with infections, including osteomyelitis.
• Limited movement: If the infection occurs in a limb or joint, it may cause stiffness or difficulty moving the affected area.

• Severe bone pain or tenderness: Intense pain in the bone that doesn’t go away could indicate a serious infection.
• High fever: A fever over 101°F (38.3°C) along with bone pain or swelling may be a sign of a more advanced infection.
• Drainage or pus from the affected area: If the infection causes an open wound or discharge, immediate care is necessary to prevent further complications.
• Sudden difficulty moving a limb: Inability to move a limb or joint that was previously mobile may indicate worsening infection.

• Physical examination: A doctor will check for tenderness, swelling, and warmth in the affected area.
• Blood tests: Blood tests can detect markers of infection, such as an elevated white blood cell count or C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, which indicate inflammation.
• Imaging tests: X-rays, MRIs, or CT scans can help doctors see changes in the bone caused by infection.
• Bone biopsy: In some cases, a small sample of the infected bone may be taken to identify the specific bacteria or fungi causing the infection, allowing for more targeted treatment.

• Antibiotics or antifungal medications: Once the infection is identified, doctors will prescribe antibiotics or antifungal drugs to fight the infection. These medications may be given intravenously (IV) at first, followed by oral medications for several weeks or months.
• Surgery: If the infection has caused significant damage, surgery may be needed to remove dead bone tissue, drain abscesses, or repair bone damage.
• Debridement: In severe cases, debridement (removal of infected tissue) may be necessary to stop the infection from spreading further.
• Immobilization: A cast or splint may be used to immobilize the affected area, helping to reduce pain and allow the bone to heal properly.

• Severe or worsening bone pain: Persistent pain that doesn’t improve may indicate a serious infection.
• High fever or flu-like symptoms: Combined with pain or swelling in a specific area, this could signal a spreading infection.
• Drainage of pus: Any discharge from an open wound or near the site of pain requires immediate medical evaluation.
• Difficulty moving a limb or joint: Sudden stiffness or pain in a previously mobile area may suggest the infection is worsening.

• Practice good hygiene: Keeping wounds clean and properly bandaged reduces the risk of bacteria entering the body and causing an infection.
• Manage chronic conditions: Controlling diabetes, improving circulation, and treating other health conditions can help prevent infections that may spread to the bones.
• Avoid injury to the bones: Wearing protective gear during physical activities and treating injuries immediately can reduce the chances of bone infections.
• Seek prompt treatment for infections: If you develop a skin infection, urinary tract infection, or any other infection, getting treatment right away can prevent it from spreading to your bones.

• Regular monitoring of wounds or fractures: If you have a recent bone injury, surgery, or open wound, regular check-ups can ensure infections are caught early.
• Antibiotic prophylaxis: For individuals at high risk of infection due to surgeries or weakened immune systems, antibiotics may be prescribed preventatively to stop infections before they start.