Syphilis

Causes of Syphilis

• Treponema pallidum bacterium
• Transmission through sexual contact (vaginal, anal, or oral sex) with someone who is infected
• Pregnant women can pass the infection to their babies (congenital syphilis)
• Direct contact with syphilis sores, rashes, or mucous membrane lesions
• Unprotected sex with multiple partners
• Sharing contaminated drug paraphernalia

Diagnosis

Medical History and Physical Examination:

A healthcare provider will review the patient’s medical history, including the presence of any symptoms or potential exposure to syphilis. They will also conduct a physical examination to check for any signs of the disease, such as rash, sores, or swollen lymph nodes.

Laboratory Tests:

Diagnosing syphilis requires specific laboratory tests, which may include:

• 1. Blood Tests (Serology): Blood samples are taken to detect antibodies produced by the body in response to a syphilis infection. Common blood tests include:
  • – Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test
  • – Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test
  • – Treponemal-specific tests (e.g., Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption test, Enzyme Immunoassay, etc.)
• 2. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): PCR tests are used to detect the genetic material (DNA) of the syphilis bacteria in various body fluids or tissues.
• 3. Darkfield Microscopy: This test involves examining fluid from syphilis sores or other lesions under a special microscope to directly visualize the Treponema pallidum bacteria.

Imaging Studies:

In some cases, imaging studies may be necessary to assess the extent of syphilis infection. This may include:

• 1. X-rays: Chest x-rays can be used to check for syphilis-related complications, such as aortic damage in advanced stages of the disease.
• 2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Computed Tomography (CT) scans: These imaging techniques help evaluate neurosyphilis (syphilis affecting the nervous system) or other organ involvement.