Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Basic Disease Information - iMedix

Acute Myeloid Leukemia is a fast-growing cancer of the blood and bone marrow where abnormal blood cells develop and multiply, replacing healthy cells.

• Genetic mutations: Changes in the DNA of blood-producing cells can trigger the development of AML.
• Radiation exposure: Previous radiation therapy for other cancers or exposure to high levels of radiation may increase the risk of AML.
• Chemical exposure: Long-term exposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene, can increase the risk of developing AML.
• Smoking: Tobacco smoke contains chemicals that are linked to an increased risk of leukemia.
• Previous chemotherapy: Certain cancer treatments, especially with specific chemotherapy drugs, can increase the risk of developing AML later in life.

• Older adults: The risk of AML increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over 60.
• Men: Men are more likely to develop AML than women.
• People with a history of blood disorders: Conditions like myelodysplastic syndromes or other bone marrow disorders can increase the risk.
• Individuals exposed to harmful chemicals or radiation: Long-term exposure to toxic chemicals or radiation increases the likelihood of AML.

• Fatigue or weakness: As the body produces fewer red blood cells, it becomes harder to transport oxygen, leading to constant tiredness.
• Frequent infections: Abnormal white blood cells don’t fight infections properly, so you may experience more frequent or severe infections.
• Easy bruising or bleeding: A lack of platelets can cause you to bruise easily, bleed more than normal from minor cuts, or experience nosebleeds or gum bleeding.
• Shortness of breath: Due to a reduced number of red blood cells, you may feel out of breath, especially during physical activity.
• Bone pain or discomfort: Some people with AML may experience aching bones or joints due to the pressure of abnormal cells accumulating in the bone marrow.
• Pale skin: Anemia caused by a low red blood cell count can make the skin look pale.

• Persistent fever or infections: A weakened immune system from AML makes you more vulnerable to infections, which can become serious quickly.
• Unexplained or severe bleeding: Heavy or unexplained bleeding, such as frequent nosebleeds or blood in urine or stools, requires urgent care.
• Extreme fatigue or dizziness: These could indicate very low red blood cell levels, requiring prompt treatment.

• Blood tests: A complete blood count (CBC) will check for abnormal levels of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. The presence of immature white blood cells, called blasts, may indicate AML.
• Bone marrow biopsy: A small sample of bone marrow, usually taken from the hip, is examined under a microscope to look for leukemia cells and assess the severity of the condition.
• Genetic tests: Special tests may be done to analyze the DNA of leukemia cells, which helps identify specific genetic mutations and guide treatment decisions.
• Imaging tests: In some cases, imaging tests like X-rays or CT scans may be used to see if leukemia has spread to other parts of the body.

• Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is the most common treatment for AML, using powerful drugs to kill leukemia cells. It typically involves two phases: Induction therapy, which aims to destroy as many leukemia cells as possible and bring the disease into remission, and Consolidation therapy, where additional treatment is given after remission to eliminate any remaining leukemia cells and prevent a relapse.
• Stem cell transplant: In some cases, a stem cell transplant (also known as a bone marrow transplant) may be recommended. This procedure replaces the diseased bone marrow with healthy stem cells, either from the patient or a donor, to help rebuild the immune system.
• Targeted therapy: Certain drugs are designed to target specific genetic mutations or proteins in leukemia cells, helping to stop their growth and spread.
• Radiation therapy: Though less common for AML, radiation therapy may be used if leukemia has spread to other parts of the body, like the brain or spinal cord.

• Frequent infections or persistent fevers: These may indicate a weakened immune system caused by AML.
• Unexplained bruising or bleeding: Sudden or severe bruising and bleeding, such as nosebleeds or blood in urine, need urgent evaluation.
• Extreme fatigue, dizziness, or shortness of breath: These could signal a dangerously low red blood cell count or anemia, requiring immediate attention.

• Avoid smoking: Tobacco smoke contains chemicals that are linked to an increased risk of leukemia. Quitting smoking can significantly lower your risk.
• Limit exposure to harmful chemicals: Long-term exposure to chemicals such as benzene, found in certain industrial settings, may increase the risk of developing AML. Following safety guidelines at work can help reduce exposure.
• Radiation protection: If you work in an environment with radiation exposure, taking appropriate protective measures can lower your risk. Limit unnecessary exposure to radiation from medical treatments unless advised by a healthcare professional.

• Regular check-ups: If you have undergone previous cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation, regular health check-ups can help monitor for any signs of AML.
• Know your family history: Discussing your family history of blood disorders or genetic conditions with your healthcare provider can help assess your risk for AML.
• Healthy lifestyle choices: Maintaining a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding harmful substances may support overall health and reduce the risk of developing various cancers.